Summary Of The Power Of Home Gardens - 967 Words

ï ¿ ¼Austin Matzelle Ms. Martha Silano English 201 OAS September 27 2016 The Power of Home Gardens in America TEDxDirigo hosted Roger Doiron to provide listeners with his message: A subversive plot: how to grow a revolution in your own backyard. Throughout his talk, Doiron passionately explains to listeners how growing a backyard garden can help someone retake control over an aspect of their life. Their food supply. â€Å"Food is a form of energy, it’s what our bodies run on. But it is also a form of power.† (Roger Doiron) Doiron believes that when people venture into building their own gardens, they gain control over their own diets, health, and pocketbooks. He alludes to how citizens taking this power subversively undermine the power of corporations usually in charge of the general populations health and food needs. â€Å"We are in the midst of an obesity epidemic ... and in a parallel world we see that hunger is on the rise.† (Doiron) The next angle Doiron takes is attacking the major problems our planet is facing. The obesity rates in many countries has been steadily rising, yet hundreds of millions are malnourished. Our planet’s resources are also dwindling, the amount of land we can grow on, our water supply, and even the genetic diversity of the plants we consume are all under attack due to the inflation of human populations. Matzelle 1 ï ¿ ¼With our resources under attack, and many eating too much or too little food, Doiron has faith that individuals gardening can create aShow MoreRelatedExample Policy Brief: Water Use in Perth1554 Words   |  7 Pages| Reducing Domestic Water use in Residential Gardens| Issue and Stakeholder Briefing| | | | To the desk of Hon. Bill Marmion. Minister for Water and Environment This policy brief brings to light the issue of household water consumption in Perth, particularly the need to examine the potential for large scale water savings in the domestic sphere. Domestic water use is nearly double that of Melbourne and Brisbane, whilst local water supplies are critically low. This brief summarises theRead MoreEssay about Aussie Pooch Mobile Swot1301 Words   |  6 Pageswill expand. 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Although citizens of Kagel Canyon believe that a homeless center wouldRead MoreWhat Is the Difference Between Data, Information and K nowledge?996 Words   |  4 Pagesacquisition of information through education or experience. In simple terms, knowledge is ‘what we know’. It is the information that we have retained in our brain. For example, in everyday life it could be how we like to eat our cereal or the fastest way home after work; or in the world of business, it could be knowledge of market and when and where products sell best. A toy company for example, know that in the run up to Christmas they will sell more toys than any other time of the year. This knowledgeRead MoreEssay on Summary of Education Book by Ellen G White1479 Words   |  6 PagesSummary Education is needed in the life of the people of God. True education means more than a preparation for life that is now. It has to with the whole being and with the whole period of existence possible to man. It is the harmonious development of the physical, mental, and spiritual powers. The world has many great teacher but God stands higher than them which is the real soiuce of knowledge. The holy scriptures are perfect standard of truth and should be given the highest place in educationRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet1083 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumes him thanks to the circumstances). Has a desire to bring justice to those that have done him wrong. Claudius (Antagonist): Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather. Marries Queen Gertrude after murdering his brother, to Hamlet’s disgust. Hungry for power, Claudius’s actions portray questionable morals, but he shows signs of remorse later in the play. Horatio (Protagonist): Loyal to Hamlet until the very end, Horatio aids Hamlet throughout the play, appearing to be his best intentioned friend. WhenRead MoreSummary On The Underground Railroad1492 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of The Underground Railroad Discussion: For the 45 minute Underground Railroad discussion period, I plan to distribute index cards (ideally two per person/team) with guiding questions. I then plan to designate about seven minutes for each person/team to think about answers to the questions. Finally, each person/team should lead the group in the discussion of their questions. The broad questions at the end of this document will be used during any extra time following the group discussionRead MoreThe Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract Against Termites1572 Words   |  7 PagesInsecticides often are used on a large scale. Low-flying airplanes and helicopters treat fields, forests, and swamps with insecticides. Large power- driven sprayers protect orchards. Gaseous insecticides, called fumigants, are used in enclosed spaces, such as grain warehouses, ship, and airplanes. In homes, people use spray guns and aerosol bombs to kill pests. In small gardens, hand-held applicators are used to spray or dust insectici des on plants. Some of the older insecticides come from minerals and plantsRead MoreThe City Of The House1479 Words   |  6 Pagessequence of architecturally framed planes against a backdrop of an alluring glimpse of the garden beyond. From this dominant position, the master of the house appeared to control the boundaries of his home. (Figure 13) Most of the activity took place in the atrium. Ancestral portrait masks and household gods were familiar sights. There was often a loom for spinning and weaving to show guests that the matron of the home worked with wool and was therefore of exemplary character, a credit to her husband.Read MoreCultural Awareness. In This Paper, The Socio – Cultural1256 Words   |  6 Pagesculture are explained. Third, a detailed examination of the common cultural characteristics of Iran are presented. Specifically, the physical geography, military and conflict history, weather analysis and civil consideration with more emphasis on ‘power’ are discussed in detail. Culture and its Meaning Culture, a term used frequently, can be used to represent a multitude of aspects of a society, a region or a country. Typically, culture is defined as the ‘complex whole of a society’. The complex

The Battle Of Gettysburg Was The Turning Point Of The...

The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the American Civil war. General Robert E. Lee was the commanding officer of the Confederate army. During the battle of Gettysburg Lee’s military strategy was to fight offensive. Lee’s goal during the battle was to seize the high ground and out last the union army. The Union army had outnumbered the Confederate soldiers. General Lee’s first hand man was General James Longstreet. Longstreet believes the new technology in warfare would make attacking the Union army bloody for the Confederate soldiers. Longstreet suggests to Lee that defensive warfare tactics such as using trenches and rocks for cover and concealment would be the Confederacy’s best fighting chance. Lee denies Longstreet’s ideas and continued with the plan to fight out in the open and attack the enemies head on. After three days of fighting the Confederate army lost the battle at Gettysburg. Lee’s tactical approaches that led to th is lost included the lack of communication and the absence of and with General J.E.B Stuart, Lee’s continuation to pursue offensive attacks and Pickett’s charge. General J.E.B Stuart is the cavalry leader assigned by General Lee to recon the movements of the Union army. Stuart rode too far north and was absent for most of the battle. Lee was left with no Intel on the Union army and was fighting in unfamiliar Northern territory. With no information about the movements of the Union army or the surrounding area strategic planning wasShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Gettysburg : Why Was It A Turning Point?1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg: Why Was It a Turning Point? â€Å"Death created the modern American union, not just by ensuring national survival, but by shaping enduring national structures and commitments. The work of death was Civil War America s most fundamental and most demanding undertaking†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Drew Gilpin Faust. Death in the Civil War was indeed a principle in creating the America we know and love today. This was the bloodiest war in United States military history. Within the war was the Battle of GettysburgRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And A Website Article From The New World Encyclopedia1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe battle of Gettysburg is seen today as the turning point of the war, and after the analysis of these historical documents its clear why the bloodshed at Gettysburg was as significant as it was being able to turn the tides of the war. Two sources that are going to be used in this are a website article from History.com: â€Å"Battle of Gettysburg† and a website article from the NeW World Encyclopedia: â€Å"Battle of gettysburg†. These sources will be analyzed by their origin, purpose, content, value andRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg As A Turning Point Of Civil War1048 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion: Why was the Battle of Gettysburg considered a turning point of Civil War and what are the economics impacts of the event during the time? I. Introduction This purpose of this paper is to show why the Battle of Gettysburg was considered a turning point in Civil War and what are the economics influences of the outcome during the time of the event. The influences on both North and South’s markets are studied and will be shown whether any changes were made during the turning point. II. BodyRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg : Why Was It A Turning Point?1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg: Why Was It a Turning Point? War is truly like hell. There is no doubt that any war is an evil one. It is the greatest catastrophe that can befall human beings. It brings death and destruction, merciless slaughter and butchery, disease, starvation and poverty in its wake. Though war brings all kinds of trouble, sometimes it can save a country. In 1861 a Civil War broke out in America. It started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states overRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And Civil War1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg occurred July 1-3, 1863 in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was one of the most significant battles of the American Civil War. Union forces of the North, commanded by Major General George G. Meade met and fought the Confederate forces of the South, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. Many historians believe the battle was a large turning point in the Civil War in favor of the Union (Woodworth, 2008). However, this is disputable. The battl e was also significantRead MoreGettysburg : Turning The Tide1238 Words   |  5 PagesGETTYSBURG: TURNING THE TIDE Robert Harmon, Jr. American History to 1877 (HIST101) American Military University Dr. Kelly McMichael GETTYSBURG: TURNING THE TIDE One of the most epic battles of the Civil War occurred at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in July of 1863. This battle was arguably the turning point of the war for the Union Army and signaled the beginning of the end for the Confederate Army. Over the course of what follows, the events leading up to the battle, an overview of the battleRead MoreEssay about The American Civil War: America’s Bloodiest War716 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Civil War, known as the War Between the States’ by some, was America’s bloodiest war. The Civil War consisted of over 10,000 battles between The Union Army of the North and the South’s Confederate Army, which lasted almost 4 years. The War was fought in 23 states and of the more than 10,000 battles only about 50 were major battles. (Weider, The Civil War, 1) In this paper the reader will learn about important dates of the war also about 4 of the bloodiest battles in the war; the BattleRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Fo rces1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe battle began on July 1st, 1863 when Brigadier General John Buford met the Confederate forces just northwest of the town to slow their advances. General Buford and his troops successfully stalled the enemy until their reinforcements arrived. The Confederate reinforcements, led by Generals Hill and Ewell. The Confederacy forced the Union Army to retreat back through Gettysburg to the south of the town. There they joined the main Union forces led by Major General George Gordon Meade, who hadRead MoreSlavery And The Civil War1706 Words   |  7 Pagesitself cannot stand.† In the 1800s, the American nation was slowly becoming a house divided against itself. The United States were no longer united, mainly over the issue of slavery. In fact, many historians believe that, â€Å"From the nation’s founding, the issue of slavery threatened to tear the United States apart.† (â€Å"The Civil War† 1). The issue of slavery was alway s kept at bay through the utilization of various compromises; however a permanent solution was never sought after by the government. TheRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagessmall town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was awoken to the beginning of what was to be the turning point of the Civil War for the Union. It began as a small skirmish, but by its end it involved so many Americans to which would become one of the bloodiest battles ever taken place on Unites States soil. The Battle of Gettysburg was not only a turning point in the war. From July 1st to July 3rd, 1863, the most famous and most important Civil War Battle took place in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Financial Analysis Strategic

Questions: 1. You have been asked to value a small company formed from a subsidiary of a larger firm that has been acquired by its managers. They are financing their purchase using a loan guaranteed against their personal real estate property. Discuss the issues you would consider and the models you might employ in such a valuation. 2. Option pricing methods provide a means of assessing the potential (2).lt risk of a company and the recoverability of its debt from the investors point of view. Outline the general methodology of default risk assessment using option pricing and compare and contrast this approach with those using conventional accounting measures 3. The financial performance of a business is dependent, amongst other things, on the good governance and the expert judgement of its senior management and executive team. Discuss the extent to which this statement reflects your understanding of the good corporation. Answers: (1). In order to value the business of a company for the purpose of acquisition several methods have been provided in the Accounting Standards. Valuation can be done by price to earnings ratio (PE ratio), price to book ratio (PB ratio) or price to sales ratio (PS Ratio). According to (Marpe, et al. 2015) the purchasing company is required to follow the rules and principles laid in the International Financial Reporting Standards for determination and recognition of the purchase consideration. The given case is about valuation of a small company which was acquired by the manager of a larger firm using borrowed fund against the personal real estate property. Generally, the mode of financing the purchase consideration is by way of issuing stocks and securities though in the given case it is by way of loan fund (Chang 2015). The issues that may arise in the case of acquisition are as follows: The financial performance of the vendor company is to be analyzed and evaluated on quarterly or annual basis if available and to verify if the financial statements are audited and the period of audit (Evans 2015). To analyze the key financial ratios of the company is to be determined in order to evaluate if the ratios are meeting the standards of the relative industry (Furlan, Oberhofer and Winner 2015). These ratios can be capital ratios, current ratios, price earnings ratios, etc. Due diligence of the liabilities of the company in respect to long term loans and advances, borrowed fund, payment of interests thereon, payment of principal installments, contingent liabilities and the security or guarantee provided for such loan (Ao and Collins 2015). Due diligence should be carried out for the mortgaged property against the borrowed fund. It is required to be verified the ownership of the property, value of the property, legalization in the ownership etc along with the verification on the period of loan taken and installments due on such loan (Ben-David, Drake and Roulstone 2015). Another important aspect of due diligence is to analyze the assets of the company. Depreciation charged on such assets, any floating or fixed charge created on the assets of the company, conditions of the underlying assets and parity of market or fair value of assets with that of the recognition made in the books of accounts should also be checked (Ao and Collins 2015). Goodwill valuation is one of the important issues to be considered in the process of acquisition of business. The amount of goodwill already appeared in the financial statements is not considered instead it shall be determined as per the principles on valuation of Goodwill in IFRS. Goodwill is evaluated by considering future maintainable profit and intrinsic value of the company (Ben-David, Drake and Roulstone 2015). Other issues that are to be considered for acquisition are technology or intellectual property of the target company, present clients, third party confirmation in case of companys indebtedness are some of the relevant aspects (Scharf 2015). Apart from the issues mentioned above, there are few models defined in the accounting standards for the purpose of valuation. First method that can be used is price earnings ratio (PE Ratio). In this method the value is derived by dividing the current ordinary share price of the vendor company by the earnings on per securities (EPS). This ratio is used to evaluate if the target company is overvalued or undervalued as compared to the industrial standards (Ben-David, Drake and Roulstone 2015). Another method that can be used is price to book ratio (PB Ratio) or determination of net asset value of the company. This ratio is derived by measuring the organizations total assets with total liabilities and thereafter dividing the same by current share price of the company. This method is appropriate for the companies having real estate or other similar high valued property which concludes that if the ratio is less than one it means the target company is undervalued as per industrial standards and vice versa (Scharf 2015). Another important model that can be used is price to sales ratio which is used for the companies planning to enter into turnaround business strategy. This ratio is measured by dividend the current price of the companys securities by revenue generating per securities or total revenue generated by the company in current financial year. The over or under valuation determination is to be measured by comparing the industrial standards (Ben-David, Drake and Roulstone 2015). Apart from the above mentioned models, valuation can also be done by using discounted cash or dividend model, measurement of synergies for the purpose of payment of consideration, or other price multiples depending on the capital structure and payment method applying by the companies as per the agreed terms and conditions (Ao and Collins 2015). (2). Default risks means the uncertainty involved in an organizations ability to repay or meet the obligations lying with it. Since, long time many accounting experts and researchers are involved in determining the default risks involved in the organizations because the cost of failure whether direct or indirect are affecting the entire business industry. Upon research studies it was concluded that there exists two important methods of assessing the default risks of the company, credit scoring model and structural model. The credit-scoring model identified by Robert Merton and using the same for analysis of probability of default risk using a theory called option theory (Bennett, Gntay and Unal 2015). General methodology of option theory for the assessment of default risk is using the equity as an option call on the companys assets which states that the equity share holders of the enterprise have the right to buy the shares or assets from the debtors and not the obligation (Hatchondo and Martinez 2015). For this analysis the researchers required several assumptions and other factors like interest free rate of return of the company, market premium rate of the company etc. The advantages of using the option pricing theory over other theories in determining the default risks is that this theory reflects the information of market using the equity stocks of the firm while the hardships of the option pricing theory is using the number of unrealistic assumptions that are required to present and evaluate the model. Another model that was used for assessment of default risk was traditional approach or conventional accounting techniques. In this approach, the accounting expert or researchers pre- identify the factors and elements of financial statements of the enterprise, which indicates the performance in terms of its size, leverage, liquidity, profitability, cash and cash equivalent adequacy, efficiency, investments and financing adequacy (Crpey 2015). The traditional approach in credit score model has the limitation in respect to probability distribution resulting in errors in accuracy of the computations as this approach is conducted by considering the accounting variables that are dependent on one or more factors. Hence, in order to get the accurate and correct results for the measurement of the required ratios, the researchers need to use the correct dependent variables as per the organization and industrial norms that were quite difficult to obtain. On comparing the two techniques in measuring the default risk as per credit scoring model it can be said that the options pricing technique is a methodology that is used the accounting experts in the modern accounting technique using the most vital factor Equity. Whereas the conventional or traditional technique used the dependant variable of accounting factors in respect of elements of financial statements for the comparison between the relative industrial standards (Bessis and O'Kelly 2015). The results obtained in this technique was not accurate and error free hence it was difficult to measure the actual level of default risk in the company that was quite less in case of option pricing technique as the main factor used is the Equity of an entity as per the current market norms. (3). Good Corporation in the world of business and entrepreneurship helps to build, design, set, measure the compliance programs and ethical values along with the measurement of benchmark and assessment so that the business can take place in regular and smooth way. There are number of factors on which the performance of an enterprise is dependent and those are good corporate governance, management decision and performance of executive team apart from the regular production and sales of the products and services of the business (Grant 2015). Compliance of corporate governance is one of the important jobs that is required to be complied by all the organization in order to run the business efficiently and effectively. According to the norms in rest to the corporate governance, an enterprise is required to conduct its business for the benefit and advantage of its stakeholders rather than with only profit earning objectives. The framework of the corporate governance states that the business should be conducted to maintain the transparency, accountability and fairness responsibility of which lies to the management and board of directors of the organization (Revelli and Viviani 2015). Moreover, Good Corporation is also dependant on the judgments and decisions taken by the board of directors and management of the company. According to the provisions of the corporate laws, there are certain business deals that are exclusively conducted only with the decision taken by the board of directors. On the other hand, there are certain other business decisions that are mutually agreed and conducted by the management judgment and decision. Further, any business entity is required to follow the rules and principles of International Financial Reporting Standards for the purpose of recognizing and recording transactions in the books of accounts and financial statements (Call, Nyberg, Ployhart and Weekley 2015). It is very important and the responsibility of the management that the financial statements of a company show true and fair view for the users of the financial reports so that they can take a fair decision for the purpose of investment or any other business events in the respective company. it is the duty of the management to get the accounts of its company audited from time to time so that it can abide by the laws and regulations of the corporate laws as well as accounting standards. Apart from the compliance of corporate governance and responsibilities of the management, work of executive team of the organization is also vital. No business can be conducted without the man- power. Hence, executive team plays an important role in conducting a good corporation and for its growth and sustainability. There are two types of man- power generally hired by the organization- blue collared and white collared. Apart from the directors and management team, employees are also responsible for the part of work delegated to them in order to have a good corporation (Grant 2015). Responsibility of performance of their work on allocated time- frame, accuracy of work, performance of work, in compliance to the required rules and principles are some of the responsibilities of executive team. Hence, the duty and responsibility of Good Corporation does not lie only on the management and directors of the company but also on the work and loyalty of the executive team of the company. Reference List: Aad, G., Abbott, B., Abdallah, J., Khalek, S.A., Abdinov, O., Aben, R., Abi, B., Abolins, M., AbouZeid, O.S., Abramowicz, H. and Abreu, H., 2015. Measurement of differential J/ production cross sections and forward-backward ratios in p+ Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector.Physical Review C,92(3), p.034904. Ao, X.P. and Collins, R., 2015, June. 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Green Management Activities of Construction Companies and Strategic Implications for Sustainable Growth.à ¬Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚ °Ãƒ ªÃ‚ µÃ‚ ¬,33(6), pp.171-176. Call, M.L., Nyberg, A.J., Ployhart, R.E. and Weekley, J., 2015. The dynamic nature of collective turnover and unit performance: the impact of time, quality, and replacements.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1208-1232. Chang, H.Y., 2015. An International Merger Acquisition Case Study-Marvell Acquires RDA Strategy and Valuation.Journal of Accounting, Finance Management Strategy,10(2), p.55. Crpey, S., 2015. Bilateral counterparty risk under funding constraintsPart I: Pricing.Mathematical Finance,25(1), pp.1-22. Dagiliene, L., 2015. THE INVESTIGATION OF FINANCIAL REPORTSCOMPLEXITY IN LARGE COMPANIES.Economics and Management, (14), pp.28-32. Della Seta, M., Morellec, E. and Zucchi, F., 2015.Debt Structure, Rollover Traps, and Default Risk. Working Paper. 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Prediction of financial distress: An empirical study of listed Chinese companies using data mining.European Journal of Operational Research,241(1), pp.236-247. Grant, R.M., 2015.Contemporary Strategy Analysis 9e Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Gudmundson, D., Tower, C.B. and Hartman, E.A., 2015. Strategic implications of data gathering activities in small firms: A comparison between family and nonfamily firms.Journal of Small Business Strategy,12(1), pp.19-29. Hamad, K. and Ko, Y.G., 2015. Effect of roll speed ratio on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 0.18 wt% carbon steel deformed by differential speed rolling.Materials Letters,160, pp.213-217. Hatchondo, J.C. and Martinez, L., 2015. Debt dilution and sovereign default risk.Available at SSRN. Kunz, L.M., Normand, S.L.T. and Sedrakyan, A., 2015. 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Effective communication in health and social care Essay Example

Effective communication in health and social care Paper Communication: The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2015) Interpersonal interaction is a communication process that involves the exchange of information, feelings and meaning by means of verbal and non-verbal messages, between two or more persons. (Ismail, 2014)   Communication is the transfer of information between people. It involves a sender, who is sending a message, and a receiver, who is hearing or seeing a message. The way we transfer this information is by speech (verbal communication), signals such as sign language or picture boards (special communication) or writing (non-verbal communication). This may be the exchange of thoughts, messages, feelings etc. Communication involves verbal, non-verbal, and unspoken ways of making sure our message is heard. The unspoken ways include facial expressions, which are smaller signs of the larger message we are trying to get across. For example a smile can indicate approval, whereas a scowl could indicate disgust or disagreement. The process of communication can be made complicated by many things, such as language differences, cultural background, gender, education, special needs/disabilities etc. Communication is important as it plays a vital part in our survival. Our dependency on our ability to communicate is a very important factor in our survival and success as humans. for example a in a nursery a baby cries when it is hungry and needs to be fed. If this baby could not communicate with its nursery nurse then they would not know to feed it and therefore the baby would die of starvation. Another example is that humans communicate by warning each other of danger, like a teacher in a school telling a child not to eat something poisonous that they’ve found. If the teacher couldnt communicate with the child then the child may eat the poisonous thing and the child may need to have medical treatment with possibly terrible consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective communication in health and social care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effective communication in health and social care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effective communication in health and social care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Communication is the exchange of information between people. This information may be the exchange of thoughts, feelings, messages etc. The way we transfer this information is by verbal communication, such as speech, special communication, such as sign language or picture boards, written communication, such as letters, computerised communication, such as emails or texts, or non-verbal communication, such as body language, facial expressions, hand gestures, eye contact. Effective Communication Communication is not just speaking however, it is also engaged listening and being able to understand the emotions of yourself and the person you are communicating with. Sometimes what we try to communicate gets lost in translation despite our best intentions. We say one thing and the other person hears another thing, ending is misunderstandings and possibly conflicts. This is why effective communication is important, to avoid the possibility of this happening. Learning effective communication, using theories such as Egan’s SOLER theory, and Argyle’s communication cycle, can help you improve the communication skills that enable you to effectively connect with others, build trust and respect, and feel heard and understood. You will know that the communication is effective when correct understanding is achieved between the sender and receiver of the information of the emotion and intentions behind the information. Effective communication is needed for different reasons in different scenarios for different purposes. For example: In a workplace, the boss will use effective communication to establish and maintain good working relationships with employees. They will have to use effective communication to help understand how their employees are feeling and asses their needs. They will use effective communication to ensure they get their point across in meetings so that everybody knows their duties and where they stand within the company. Effective communication is also important in a workplace to ensure safety in the work environment, for example whoever is in charge of the health and safety of the workplace will have to effectively communicate so they the employees know what to do in dangerous situation, for example in the event of a fire, because if the communication is not effective, the employees may not understand what they have to do resulting in possibly disastrous consequences when a dangerous situation arises. Effective communication is vital for those who work in the childcare sector, as the practitioners need to build and maintain good relationships with the children, their parents, and possibly other relevant authorities (such as social workers, health visitors, police etc.) This is because it is imperative that everybody is provided with the necessary information that they need, so the communication must be concise and clear. The practitioners must communicate effectively in order to gain and share information about the child and discuss care plans. Without effective communication the practitioners cannot engage productively with each other, resulting in the child possibly receiving the wrong care, and the needs of the child may not be met. The child must also engage in effective communication with practitioners to ensure that we know what their needs are, and how they are feeling. They must feel comfortable with the practitioner and build mutual trust and respect in order for them to be cared for properly. In a care home for the elderly, the care worker must communicate with the elderly in a friendly and positive manner. If the care worker was walking around and sharply asking each person: ‘You want tea or coffee?’ it would seem rude. The behaviour would come across as cold, disrespectful, and mechanical. The care worker should start off a conversation first, perhaps ask the person how their day is going, and then offer them a drink, giving them the options of the drinks available. This would give the elderly person the impression that the care worker is being friendly and doing the act out of kindness, not just carrying out a practical task of their job. either way, the person receives a drink, however the actions leading up to this determine how the person feels once the conversation has ended. You want to leave the person with the right feelings/emotions, and so ending the conversation in a friendly manner, such as saying have a nice day, shows that you value them. There are different types of communication, such as one-to-one or group communication, and different methods of communication that can be used, dependant on the setting in which they are going to be used in, and the purpose for communication. These are: Verbal When one person speaks and another listens. Used by care workers to find out information, responding to questions, provide support to others, reply to complaints etc. In verbal communication, the speaker analyses and interprets the information before responding, but not taking too long to respond. The communication cycle demonstrates that effective verbal communications consists of not only speaking, but engaged listening too. When practising good verbal communication, the conversation will be able to be continued with replies and obvious interest will be shown. When the communication is verbal its very important to make sure that you speak clearly and at a reasonable volume so that the person you are speaking to can hear what you say without feeling embarrassed if they dont understand. Another reason to speak clearly is so that a client can lip read if they need to. Non-verbal Communication without speech, such as facial expression, physical contact, hand gestures, eye contact and proximity. All of these contribute to how the message receiver interprets the message that the message sender is trying to put across. For example a care receiver may show the care giver, via body language and/or facial expression, that they are experiencing pain or discomfort, without the needs of speech/verbal communication. Similarly how if a care giver is within very close proximity of the person they are communicating with, it may give off the impression that they are being threatening, and make the person feel uncomfortable. Non-verbal communication can be very helpful to those with disabilities, as gestures and signs can be universal, however there can be problems if gestures are misinterpreted, not understood, or mean different things to different people. Nonverbal communication should reinforce what is being said, not contradict it. If you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your listener will likely feel you’re being dishonest. (Helpguide.org, 2015) Computerised Computerised communication is the use of technology for communicating with others, such as via email. Emails can be both formal and informal depending on their purpose. Using computerised communication provides a fast way of sending messages to others, that can be received within a matter of seconds, as opposed to posting a letter and having to wait days for it to be received/replied to. In addition to the speed, graphics, sounds and videos can also be exchanged via computerised technology. Computerised technology may be used in a doctor’s surgery to exchange information between a general practitioner and a consultant/hospital they are referring a patient to. A good advantage of computerised communication is that you are not face-to-face and therefore you have longer to analyse and prepare a response, whereas in face-to-face verbal communication you must reply relatively fast or you may come across as rude. However, along with the advantages of computerised technology, there are disadvantages too, such as if the person you are trying to communicate with via email, for example, is not trained to use computers, and problems can arise if information is not kept confidential. Written Written communication is similar to verbal, however it is written down on paper/on a computer. When using written communication the accuracy of what is written is extremely important. Formal records must be kept accurate and to date It must be correct and legible, as inaccuracies can lead to lead to complaints, incidents not being addressed, people being given the wrong treatment, or given the wrong information, which may lead to disastrous results which you can be held accountable for. Written communication could be used in a school, where the pupils information, such as parent contact number, home address, or any medical issues the school needs to be aware of, could be recorded and put on the computer systems. A strength of written communication is that there will always be written proof of what has been said. Special(Sign language, Braille, Choice boards) Special forms of communication such as braille, sign language and choice boards can be especially useful to those with sight or hearing difficulties, or foreign people. However there can be issues if both parties are not trained in the method. Special communication, such as choice boards, could be used in a school with disabled children, when the children are choosing, for example, what they would like to eat, but have speech difficulties. In this situation group or one-to-one communication could be used, depending on the circumstances. Sign language, such as British Sign Language or Makaton, could be used in a day care centre for people with hearing difficulties, to communicate in a wide range of everyday conversations. An advantage of special communication is that people that have any disabilities can still communicate with others and say what they want to say. An advantage of British sign language is that it’s not reliant on money or technology, as people can just use their hands. However, a disadvantage is that the person receiving the sign language message must be able to understand British sign language too, or there will need to be a translator who understands British sign language to translate the sign language to the person they are trying to communicate with. Formal Formal communication is used in many health and social care situations, as it is understood by the majority of people and usually doesnt create communication barriers in the ways which other forms of communication, such as informal language, might do. Formal communication shows respect to the people you are communicating with. When someone enters a reception desk, for example in a day care facility, we expect to be greeted politely. If we were greeting with something like what do you want then it would cause offense and would be seen as very rude. However, the degree of how formal the language is differs between the situation in which it is being used in, and the care worker must adjust the way they are speaking depending on which situation they are in. If someone speaks too formally they may put the person they are talking to on edge and make them feel uncomfortable, but if someone is being spoken to too informally, then they may feel as if they are not being taken seriously or being respected. Informal Informal communication is used between people who know each other well, for example friends and family. Friends and family may use jargon between one another that others would not understand, therefore wouldnt be suitable to use with other people, such as slang words only used locally, which someone from another part of the country may not understand. Very informal language would be inappropriate to use in many health and social care settings, such as in a doctors surgery, as this would create communication barriers between yourself and the patient, and you may come across as impolite. For example, it would be acceptable when a patient enters a doctors office for the doctor to greet them formally, address them as Mr or Mrs, and shake their hand in a respectable tone at a volume that is not too quiet for the patient to hear, but not too loud that you are shouting at them. If, when the patient entered the room, the doctor said Alright mate hows it going? It would not be surprising if the patient was taken aback, and offended at the doctors speech. In addition to the use of informal language possibly being seen as impolite, using slang/jargon with someone from another country, who may not speak English as their first language, could also create language barriers between the two of you. The person may feel uncomfortable as they do not understand what you are saying and there could be misunderstandings and misinterpretations of what is being said. Another precaution that needs to be taken by care workers who work with people with special needs is how they word things, for example using phrases such as â€Å" pull your socks up† to mean something along the lines of ‘pull yourself together’, could be taken literally by, for example, autistic people, and this could confuse them a lot. For example: one-to-one verbal communication would be best suitable in a setting like a doctor’s office, between the patient and the doctor, as the conversation would be about one specific person and their problems/needs, and the doctor will be responding to just that one individual by prescribing a medication, or describing a solution to that person’s specific issue. The doctor may then use computerised communication to contact a hospital or consultant that they would like to refer the patient to, or to prescribe a specific mediation for the patient. One-to-one verbal communication would also be used in a setting such as a teacher/parent school meeting, discussing a specific child, as what the teacher is saying only concerns the parents of that individual child, or if the teacher is concerned about a student but it is not essential that the teacher speaks to the parent face-to-face, then they may use written communication to send a letter home, or use computerised communication to email the parent. Whereas, a setting where a group interaction using verbal communication may be more appropriate would be a group therapy setting, as the clients in the therapy session may be more likely to open up and express themselves if they are around peop1le of similar situations. In a group interaction, all participants must want to be involved for it to work. It is important that the correct emotional atmosphere is set, as sometimes people may feel threatened if they have to speak within a formal group of people, or they might stay quiet because they are worried about other people’s reactions. When speaking in a larger group of people, you should not discuss confidential information and/or problems about any of the participants that they may have shared with you in the past, unless they themselves bring it up and share it with the rest of the group. If one particular member of the group is not participating, it may be helpful to give them some gentle encouragement, however you must be careful that it does not seem like you are pressuring them to talk, and they only should if they feel comfortable doing so. Likewise, if everybody is talking at once people wont be able to listen properly and the communication is not effective. When communicating in a group it is important that everybody can see each other clearly. This is because being able to see each others facial expressions and body language plays a huge part in effective communication; an example of this would be all sitting in a circle facing each other. This is very important because it will develop a positive group feeling and people will be able to decode the messages in each others facial expressions and gestures. If people are sitting in rows behind one another, they cannot see each others facial expressions or body language, making the communication less personal and making the group communication, as a whole, a lot harder than it needs to be. Type of interpersonal interaction Explained Speech Speech is the verbal means of communication, consisting of how speech sounds are made (articulation), the rhythm of speech (fluency), tone, pitch and volume. The fluency of speech is very important in the care setting as hesitations or stuttering can affect communication as the other person may not understand you, as is articulation, such as children must learn to pronounce their r sounds, in order t say three not thwee. For example if a doctor was stuttering and their articulation was poor, the patient may mishear what the doctor is saying, for example their medication dosage, and may overdose as a consequence of this misunderstanding. When someone is unable to produce certain speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with their voice, then they have a speech disorder. Language Language is different to speech. Language is made up of socially shared rules such as the meaning of words (like the word â€Å"right† can mean either correct, or the opposite of left.), how to put words together to make sentences, and what words are best in different situations, like if a nursery teacher was talking to a child they would use simple sentences with basic words, so that the young child can understand them. When a person has trouble understanding what others are saying to them, or sharing their thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then they have a language disorder. Posture Your posture is an important part of communication, and can affect how you are perceived by others. An open posture expresses friendliness and positivity. In an open posture you will be sitting up straight with your feet spread apart, and the palms of your hands facing outwards. Your chest will be exposed (arms not crossed etc) and you will face the other person during conversation. University of Northern Iowa College of Business Administration notes that people with open postures are perceived as being more persuasive than those with other postures. (livestrong.com, 2014) Crossing your arms across your chest, crossing your legs away from someone, sitting in a hunched forward position, showing the backs of your hands and clenching your fists are all signs of closed posture, and may give the impression of hostility, boredom and detachment. Facial expression Facial expressions are subtle signs of the larger message we are trying to send. A simple smile can show approval and acceptance, whereas a scowl could portray the feelings of disgust or disapproval. Understanding facial expressions in very important in communication, as assumptions can be made about the facial expressions of the people communicating, possibly leading to misunderstandings. For example in a doctor’s office at the reception, if a patient is trying to make an appointment with the receptionist, and the receptionist is scowling at them, they may feel uncomfortable and as if the receptionist sees them as inferior. Facial expressions can also help communication, as over text things may seem rude or blunt, whereas if these things were said in person, with a smile on the senders face, the receiver would feel more at ease and that they are not meaning to come across as blunt. Touch Touch can be used to express empathy and understanding of another person. It can be used to show someone that you care and are there for them. For example if a nurse has to break some bad news to someone in a hospital, he/she may put their arm around the person to show that they are sympathetic and supporting them. Silence Silence is a good communication device when verbally communicating with someone. Leaving deliberate short silences can leave time for both parties to think about what has been said/what they are going to say next, and can improve the overall understanding of the conversation. For example if a teacher is telling off a child for someone wrong they have done, they may leave silences in between what they are saying, for the child to think and reflect on what the teacher has said, and what they would like to say next. The teacher may ask rhetorical questions to the child to prompt them to really think about what they have done, and leave silences after asking so that the child has time to think. Proximity Proximity can be both negative and positive when communicating. If someone is sittng very close to you it could portray intimacy and friendship, if you know the person well and have a good relationship with them. On the other hand it could be seen as threatening or intimidating, if someone you don’t know very well if talking to you very closely. This also depends on the context of the conversation and the other persons tone of voice. Reflective listening Reflective listening is the process of restating back to the speaker what they have said, both the feelings and the words. This is to allow the speaker to focus on what they feel and to show the speaking that you are trying to see things from their point of view, and to hear what they have said so they can focus on their feelings, encouraging them to continue speaking. Reflective listening does not involve introducing new topics or asking questions, it is used to help the speaker understand them and focus on their ideas. This is best used in counselling situations, as the counsellor can use reflective listening to make sure that the person they are counselling isnt just speaking constantly and rambling on, they can show to person that they are listening, and use filler words, like hmm to give the speaker time to think, and to show that the counsellor is paying attention. The counsellor could use words to encourage the speaker to carry on and elaborate on their feelings, helping the counsellor to understand the person and decide what actions to take/what to say to them, and helping the speaker express themselves and understand themselves more by speaking their feelings out loud.